6 17 It is very important to give a clear presentation of your data analysis and results in a succinct way. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. Report exact p values to two or three decimals (e.g., p = .006, p = .03). When including statistics in written text, be sure to include enough information for the reader to understand the study. Suppose a biologist wants to estimate the proportion of a certain species of turtles that have spots on their backs. Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association. You will note that significance levels in journal articles--especially in tables--are often reported as either "p > .05," "p < .05," "p < .01," or "p < .001." Are all abbreviations explained, as well as special use of italics, parentheses, dashes, bold, and symbols? /Contents 9 0 R Try to draw figures yourself, and if you do use figures from different sources, you should cite them regardless of the modifications you've made. The remaining 220 participants were asked to complete an online survey about the study in exchange for research hours. Make sure you only provide data once throughout the document and to make use of any tables and figures that are included in the text. This resource, revised according to the 6 th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. flXgnfcktT {;26\! Reporting confidence intervals in APA style Hi all! ~0 s] 0 0000004139 00000 n Suppose a biologist wants to know the mean weight of a certain species of turtles. 0000002844 00000 n APA Style, confidence intervals, statistics, TrackBack URL for this entry:https://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a01157041f4e3970b0133f0cb508c970b. She collects data for both populations and finds that the mean difference in the proportions is 7% (.07) with a 95% confidence interval of [0.02, 0.12]. 0000020513 00000 n /Length 128 Also, as noted in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) If one value in the CI range is negative, then "to" should be used rather than a hyphen. 0000004481 00000 n APA Style (7th Edition): Sample Notated Paper. Example: Reporting effect size and confidence interval Moderate caffeine had a large effect on computer task accuracy, Cohen's d = 1.3, 95% CI [0.94, 1.66]. All relevant hypothesis tests, estimated effect sizes and the confidence intervals must be reported in accordance with the APA journal guidelines. /Names << /Dests 2 0 R>> Formatting Statistics: Using Parentheses | 6 0 obj If a name that begins with a lowercase letter begins a sentence, then it should be capitalized. Use boldface for vectors and matrices: V, Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. Build your reference in three steps. The APey Ape is a stickler for APA style. If the word COPY is appended to the end, please remove copy so the style is named APA 6th. If you used alpha = 0.05, then report 95% CI. With anything that you have read, used and referred to in your academic writing, you must: stream Y yHnu We>bMm`sag+3TX-;z4Z[_O.2>&oZ&Ta[U4 hb```e``eah`p0s 6\fk> y %(&H,4e\%N%?V7(zC?VNbBbur You do not need to repeat confidence intervals in the same paragraph or in a series when the meaning is clear and the confidence interval has not changed. c Values reflect the average across 3 years of data. She measures the weight of a random sample of 25 turtles and finds the sample mean weight to be 300 pounds with a 95% confidence interval of [292.75 pounds, 307.25 pounds]. /P 0 The dependent variable is always on the y-axis. Use these guidelines to respond to your research questions and provide your data analysis in a clear and concise manner. !w\TIfm|Ja`)B@&H= _E2 II\S"Dg-rX;L;m2A32(p` l.EJ&1yW'7ff $E;D!+*WY@GnZ8o1Pa=a"yK^zymK5lEPI#1yM-tQ{ D# Z"} =q Incorrect: r (55)=.49,p<.001. You make a baby laugh over and over again by making silly faces. Use of .90 confidence level helps to create consistency between the CI overlapping with zero and conclusions based on the p-value for that block (or block difference). A formal study has revealed that the difference in average weights between the two populations of turtles is 10 pounds, 90% CI [-3.07, 23.07]. How Does Earthworm Reproduce Brainly, Descriptive Statistics and Correlations for Study Variables, Means, Standard Deviations, and One-Way Analyses of Variance in Psychological and Social Resources and Cognitive Appraisals, Results From a Factor Analysis of the Parental Care and Tenderness (PCAT) Questionnaire. Reporting the Study using . Title of work. Any time you report that a difference is significant, it is important to add the confidence interval for that difference. YLrwH-?pYu 0000004855 00000 n How to Cite a Government Report in APA Style, How to Cite Edition, Volume, and Page Numbers for Books, (See Figure 3 for the results from the control group [. A child blows you kisses to say goodbye. Use round brackets. 1. 2. it is also recommended to consult the latest apa manual to compare what is described in this learning module with the most updated formats for apa. Why Did The Cod Zombies Voice Actors Leave, p = .003), report to three decimal places; only report to four decimal places if the first three These sample tables illustrate how to set up tables in APA Style. 0000001100 00000 n /O 8 /L 25365 When it comes to reporting it you will want to include the F value and the . The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) There was a negative correlation between the two variables, r (33) = -.37, p = .029. Is the line spacing of the table correctly applied? What Are Leading Indicators In Safety, how many gigatons of carbon were released in 2019, Why Did The Cod Zombies Voice Actors Leave, who wrote the book curses and counter curses, how to breed katsumoto dragon in dragon city. WO/cl=1i%8! Some Examples using APA Format to Report Results . 0000003254 00000 n For example, the results of an opinion poll may show 56% of the respondents prefer candidate A. I am trying to figure out the best way to report some statistics following the APA style guide and wondered if I could ask 2 questions. Page, Paragraph Number, Heading, and Time Stamp, Book with the Same Organization as Author & Publisher, Textbook Chapter with Book Editor(s) and Chapter Author(s), Report with Multiple Levels of Government, eBook from Website or Library Database, with DOI, Journal Article from Website or Library Database, with DOI, Journal Article from Library Database, no DOI, Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples, YouTube Video, Username (No Personal Author Listed), Webpage with Group or Organization as Author. This guide has the style rules for the following: Abbreviations Appendices Brackets Bullet points and Numbered and Lettered Lists Italics Headings Numbers Quotation Marks introduction, body, etc. % If n > 30, use and use the z-table for standard normal distribution. Report F ratios and t scores to two decimal places. Confidence Intervals for Means APA Style Reporting A one-sample t-test evaluates if a population mean is likely to be x: some hypothesized value. 0000002526 00000 n Common Statistical Abbreviations that are always in italics Abbreviation Definition b In regression and multiple regression analyses, estimated values of raw (unstandardized) regression coefficients bi In item response theory, the difficulty-severity parameter Is the confidence level - for example, 95% - stated, and is the same level of confidence used for all tables and throughout the paper? The girls' (M = 8.17, SD = 6.18) average rating was slightly more Statistical analysis involves gathering and testing quantitative data to make inferences about the world. hb``a``T 9. The confidence interval lower bound is 2.12 and its upper bound is 4.12, so it is plus or minus 1.0. A formal study has revealed that the average weight of turtles in this population is 300 pounds, 95% CI [292.75, 307.25]. 0000021668 00000 n What is an example of logistic regression research questions with significant results? Use readable spacing, placing a space after commas, variables and mathematical symbols. How do I run a logistic regression in SPSS? For example, here's how to calculate the odds ratio for each predictor variable: We should also calculate the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio of each predictor variable using . zYKf?W,egEz=K:|` { report confidence intervals because confidence intervals combine information on location and precision and can often be directly used to infer significance levels, they are, in general, the best the 95% confidence interval around difference between the group means was relatively precise (.43 to .76). Most studies report the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). NOTE: In APA 7th edition, the Running head is no longer required for student papers. In this case, the estimate is of the difference between the means of the two groups: 3.12. 0000010728 00000 n The Publication Manual (6th ed.) 0000007134 00000 n Getting it right is simple as long as you remember the following two guidelines (see sections 4.14 and 4.30 in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual ): 1. The first element of a reference entry in APA style, usually the surname of the first author, is arranged alphabetically on the reference page. The APA 6 style manual states (p. 117): " When reporting confidence intervals, use the format 95% CI [LL, UL] where LL is the lower limit of the . HTOs0)f4&BRc)Q=o/. If we report that the 95% confidence interval around the risk ratio of 0.5 was 0.3 to 0.7, readers can see that the null hypothesis of no association (a risk ratio of 1.0) is unlikely and that risk ratios of 0.9 or 0.1 are also unlikely. This fact sheet is provided to call attention to key style issues that are sometimes overlooked. It is a good idea to support your p-values with confidence intervals, corresponding to your significance level. %PDF-1.6 % Is it written in italic case and flush left? For example: ( SD = 1.5, CI = -5, 5) Use parentheses to enclose degrees of freedom. Introduction to Statistics is our premier online video course that teaches you all of the topics covered in introductory statistics. If one value in the CI range is negative, then "to" should be used rather than a hyphen. | Headings and the Use of Boldface Type . m=> 95% CI, 4.5 to 6.5) indicates a more precise estimate of the same effect size than a wider CI with the same effect size (e.g. %PDF-1.5 % The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) is a premier source for all types of resources for teaching writing, including APA style (Here is a link to all of their APA materials). Point estimates and confidence intervals tell us more than any power calculation about the range of . Use an italicized, lowercase n to refer to a sample of the population. When an assertion was considered to be less familiar and not general knowledge, participants perceived more need to rely on author expertise. 58 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<34925CA35A4C2B42B24C0889E117FA9F><284E1AD7B715274AABA50BF0348E5D66>]/Index[36 38]/Info 35 0 R/Length 106/Prev 104934/Root 37 0 R/Size 74/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Confidence intervals are used because a study recruits only a small sample of the overall population so by having an upper and lower confidence limit we can infer that the true population effect lies between these two points. What's New. /Font << /F11 10 0 R /F15 14 0 R /F19 18 0 R >> endobj What is logistic regression? 0000021983 00000 n 0000003183 00000 n << It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the variables or theoretical issues under investigation." Abstract (R), 14. APA 7th Edition Reference Page Ordering Guide, APA 7th Edition Style Guide: Heading & Sub-heading, Setting up the APA Reference Page Guide with Examples. Are all comparable tables in thepaper consistent in presentation? /T 25122 Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Means Confidence Intervals. Instructors could provide this to students and have confidence that all of the key elements were covered. Say I have confidence intervals for a proportion in 2 groups of n=500. This guidance has been expanded from the 6th edition. There many ways to make a table, and the samples shown on this page represent only some of the possibilities. 1. If the confidence interval is . Um, and it does start to raise the question about what the terms mean and whether any term can adequately be descriptive. (Bill, age 50), Integrated Results Matrix for the Effect of Topic Familiarity on Reliance on Author Expertise. This could be improved by running more subjects. This article explains how to format tables and figures according to APA Style 7th Edition. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual . This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Confidence interval for the difference in a continuous outcome (d) with two matched or paired samples. Confidence intervals should be reported: 90% CI [LL, UL], with LL as the lower limit and UL as the upper limit of the interval. Use numbers to represent values of: points and grades amount of time or money exact units of measure. Note for Purdue Students: Schedule a consultation at the on-campus writing lab to get more in-depth writing help from one of our tutors. How to Write Results Chapter APA 7th Edition? . stream Avoid parentheses within parentheses, or nested parentheses. Reporting confidence intervals (CIs) for effect sizes is the current "best practice" in social science research (Cumming & Fidler, 2009; Kline, 2004; Steiger . Example 1: Confidence Interval for a Mean. 0000002011 00000 n H\@>E-uo$nb~OO#$~u~Jo;}7448sS /]kfZk=fyZ||x=!*H7opOv8,6q{;>x?fxNB_k}._t/i'~>`fhm8%f*Wc~\v:7)J~''SC\Kd3G%o^B/xW+ Certain features require a modern browser to function. Sample tables are covered in Section 7.21 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. As noted on page 116 of the Manual, these guidelines reflect "standards of content and form agreed on in the field" and are designed to enhance clear communication. Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Means, Confidence Interval for the Difference in Proportions, Pandas: Use Groupby to Calculate Mean and Not Ignore NaNs. APA Style (7th Edition): Writing the Discussion (Key Phrases to Use) Communicating Psych Science, The APA Style Research Report / By Discovering the Scientist Within / APA Discussion, APA Style, Guide/Tutorial Anyone who has ever taught writing of APA Style Research Reports, knows that students struggle with writing the Discussion section. A. But perhaps the most useful resource is their sample research report with abundant notations highlighting key points for students. (Recall that if X is a continuous random variable, then P (X=x)=0.) Because a confidence interval represents a range from a continuous probability distribution, the area under the curve encompassed by the interval is theoretically equal whether or not you include the interval boundaries. There are two cases when brackets are the preferred choice in APA Style. Basically, the significant Hotelling's T-square result is achieved through the contributions from all of the variables. 2. a decrease in the number of participants at any stage of a study must be reported. << There are two ways to report p values. Click Save. A general rule of thumb in an APA statistics report is to use words for writing numbers up to 10. 0000000776 00000 n Copyright 2022 by The On-Campus Writing Lab& The OWL at Purdueand Purdue University. Note. Before we report the results of the logistic regression model, we should first calculate the odds ratio for each predictor variable by using the formula e. Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition is the official APA Style resource for students. Three to five keywords . 4. When we control [insert covariate] on the relationship between [insert variable] and [insert variable], we find the following partial correlation r = ___, p = .____. odds ratio reported with confidence intervals is always a standard way and more accepted way of reporting Cite 3 Recommendations 20th Apr, 2018 Evan Keys University Health Network In APA, an. Example: The data taken from 10 study participants was marked invalid because they answered the questions incorrectly. In the first row in the table above, we see that the 95% confidence interval is from -3.40 to -0.20 points. A table is the most effective form of presentation for a large set of numbers. Second, for clarity, APA Style recommends that confidence intervals be reported with brackets around the upper and lower limits (as outlined on page 117): In the context of a sentence this might look like the following: Also, as noted in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) /H [ 744 199 ] endstream endobj 591 0 obj <>stream In some cases it can be emphasized in particular data that can help interpret the results, especially relevant aspects within them. The 95% confidence interval around the difference was also imprecise, ranging from -.29 to 12.17 percentage points. He will pop up to tell you what it says in the APA publication manual. American Psychological Association. 1. Is the title brief but explanatory? Number of studies = 120, number of effects = 782, total N = 52,578. It is also recommended to consult the latest APA manual to compare what is described in this learning module with the most updated formats for APA. 0000002979 00000 n In general, APA advises using words for numbers under 10 and numerals for 10 and greater. When reporting confidence intervals, we always use the following format: The following examples show how to report confidence intervals for different statistical tests in practice. Plus (+) and minus (-) signs are also used in probability notes to show confidence intervals. I would feel compelled to punish anyone who tried to harm a child. H\@=OQEn$dy ! .|1=@q?NBvwf'wvml;Sg]3=\Y)wUiu{9,6q{?|?-jxL7R_stetIk]>DWKbKCO1rG7]YU",++r\"o7[-;;sT. APA Style recommends that confidence intervals be reported with brackets around the upper and lower limits: 95% . A newborn baby curls its hand around your finger. Another important consideration is the integrity of the dataset. ORs should alwaysbe presented with CIs. There are two components in the APA referencing style: in-text citations and their corresponding reference list entries. Today, we highlight an exception to this guideline. Notice the plural version of the CI abbreviation: Who Owns The Manchester Ship Canal?, The sample regression table shows how to include confidence intervals in separate columns; it is also possible to place confidence intervals in square brackets in a single column (an example of this is provided in the Publication Manual ). Here's how she might report the results: A . Suppose a biologist wants to estimate the difference in mean weight between two different populations of turtles. If all or part of a copyrighted table is reproduced or adapted, do the table notes give full credit to the copyright owner? xref It is mandatory to specify the volume of missing or omitted data, as well as the reasons for it. Effect sizes indicate how impactful the outcomes of a study are. This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. APA STYLE (6th edition) 6 Main sections of the report The report is made up of a number of distinct sections including the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references and appendix. Note. )guide to effect sizes Recommend inclusion for "readers to appreciate the magnitude or importance" (APA 2020 p. 89) Statistical estimate and should include confidence intervals General Principal " provide the readers with enough information to assess the Include 0 before the decimal point. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. << Multiple confidence intervals would appear as follows. In general, all text should be double-spaced (APA 2.21). 2023 American Psychological Association, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500, Sample analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, Sample qualitative table with variable descriptions. P.$#tAup Does every column have a column head? All rights reserved. 2EP Who Makes Tangee Lipstick, luSi[Jt^+D{w :Dx 8 0 obj An independent samples t test was performed comparing the mean consistency scores of college students and individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. These include using words only for numbers less than 10 that do not represent precise statistical results, and rounding results to two decimal places, using words (e.g., "mean") in the text and symbols (e.g., " M ") in parentheses. Include 0 before the decimal point. For example: Correct: r (55) = .49, p < .001. Have an expert academic write your Essay! /S 48 When reporting statistics, use these formatting rules and suggestions from APA where relevant. Mediation analysis requires one to report that the IV predicts the mediator and the DV, that the mediator predicts the DV, and that the link between the IV and the DV decreases when the mediator is controlled. 15. 625 0 obj <>stream In qualitative research, results and conversation are sometimes integrated. . All relevant hypothesis tests, estimated effect sizes and the confidence intervals must be reported in accordance with the APA journal guidelines. The first step of the results chapter is to introduce the participants in your study. Here is an example of a statistical result using an F -test: F (2,34) = 2.51, p = .003, 2 = .04. 1. . Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. endobj Note that when a p-value is less than .001, we do not report p = .000. Use notes like Figure 1, Graph 2, etc. In a quantitative research paper, the results/findings chapter is where you summarize your data and interpret the results of any applicable statistical analysis. Publisher - include if different to author . Tutorial for reporting statistics in an APA style manuscript, including using special scripts/symbols and the Equation Editor function in Word 2010 for Windo. Your email address will not be published. 0000001019 00000 n You see a father tossing his giggling baby up into the air as a game. hbbd```b``Z"Ic"Y:A$3f`v4\`J`2D:nAdDH2w@%A"@UT#30^` qWM on page 117, every report of a confidence interval must clearly state the level of confidence. Introduce them at each stage of your study and explain the reason if any data is excluded from the study. Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition is the official APA Style resource for students. Participant 144: I feel that I know more about climate and there are several things on the climate cards that are obvious, and that if I sort of know it already, then the source is not so critical whereas with nuclear energy, I don't know so much so then I'm maybe more interested in who says what.. << 2. A 95% confidence interval means that 95% of the time, the population mean . How to Easily Find Outliers in Google Sheets, How to Handle: glm.fit: fitted probabilities numerically 0 or 1 occurred. This module calculates confidence intervals around the percentage estimates using a 95% level of confidence. This page falls right after the end of the main body text. Confidence interval for a proportion from one sample (p) with a dichotomous outcome. Although, when these are repeated in the same paragraph and the confidence level does not change and it is clear, do not repeat "95% CI". Referencing: Clinical and Health Science Web Sources, Referencing: Organization & Government Reports, Referencing: Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers, be directly and clearly related to the content of the document, present information that can't be conveyed throughtextual description alone, be numbered clearly at the top left, starting with, include a brief but clear title one double-spaced line below the table number. What other questions about formatting statistics do you have? Are all other column headings and cell entries centered? /Size 23 odds ratio reported with confidence intervals is always a standard way and more accepted way of reporting 20th Apr, 2018 Evan Keys University Health Network In APA, an odds ratio is typically. Is the table number bold and flush left? The first way is to cite the alpha value, as in the second of the single sample t-test examples above. p = .34); if the first digit is a zero (e.g. To write in APA style you will need to follow the APA style rules as outlined in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. endobj 12. Thank you for your patience. One-Sample T-Test Example A school director thinks his students perform poorly due to low IQ scores. Earlier the Hotelling's T 2 test told us that there was a significant difference between the husband and wives in their responses to the questions. (publication date). Confidence Interval for the Difference in Proportions, Your email address will not be published. 33 0 obj <> endobj xref 33 24 0000000016 00000 n Are the notes double-spaced and flush left and in the same font as the text of the paper? Have you received written permission for reuse (in print and electronic form) from the copyright holder and sent a copy of that written permission to the journal editor with the final version of your paper? In quantitative research, however, it is important to separate the objective data from your perception of the data. Formatting Statistics: Using Parentheses. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). 0000001179 00000 n What is the recommended length for a manuscript title? Three to five keywords should be placed on a separate line at the end of your abstract (APA 2.10; see example). \Q endstream 587 0 obj <> endobj Are the notes in thefollowing order: general note, specific note, probability note? Example: (Smith & Bruce, 2018) Before moving on to secondary research questions and exploratory or subgroup analyses, address the primary research questions first when providing statistical data. Main Confidence intervals: For CIs, use brackets: 95% CI [2.47, 2.99], [-5.1, 1.56], and [-3.43, 2.89]. The following tutorials explain how to calculate different confidence intervals in practice: Confidence Interval for a Mean I would hurt anyone who was a threat to a child. 95% CIs [5.62, 8.31], [-2.43, 4.31], and [-4.29, -3.11], respectively. If you used alpha = 0.05, then report 95% CI. How To Take Ivermectin Paste For Humans, APA Dictionary of Psychology confidence interval (CI) a range of values for a population parameter that is estimated from a sample with a preset, fixed probability (known as the confidence level) that the range will contain the true value of the parameter. Statistics are italicized in APA style unless the Factor loadings above .30 are in bold. Hi all! 0000007854 00000 n and the Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.). However, always spell out a number that appears at the start of a sentence (or rephrase). Posted by Timothy McAdoo at 09:00:00 AM ISBN: 9781648021831. Inadequate research reporting is damaging to science in that it inadvertently perpetuates misconceptions. Does it belong in the print version of the article, or can it go in an online supplemental file? As discussed in the last statistics exercise, that confidence interval would be easier to understand if you removed the minus signs and put it into ascending order: 0.20 to 3.40 points. I would use any means necessary to protect a child, even if I had to. 3. endobj /Length 1717 73 0 obj <>stream << In the previous post, we discussed how to use parentheses and commas with statistics. I cant stand how children whine all the time (R), 2. ][zp@s:tVInzX-zadiiBWgp:(1(&&E'9=c\^ TdT4:J,vsH=I" g$y$^_w/#)^xY$N%O?Ap,!\$xEqHSa KSQlPUq*zGJE~d_Y6+2[O:yJ{D~% Click the File menu and choose Close Style. How To Get Frost Walker, endstream endobj 37 0 obj <. 0000001286 00000 n When reporting confidence intervals, the format: "95% CI [Lower limit, Upper limit]" should be used. Tables in APA Style (7th ed.) It is a good idea to support your p-values with confidence intervals, corresponding to your significance level. A. It contains health statistical measures for the county, which are accompanied by confidence intervals for the county measures, measures for the state and comparisons of whether the measures for the county are significantly different from the measures for the state.Of primary school (K-12) students in Erie County during the 2019-20 school year . Search: Reporting Logistic Regression Apa. %%EOF /TrimBox [0 0 612 792] A. trailer <]/Prev 54596>> startxref 0 %%EOF 56 0 obj <>stream Are all column headings centered? However, there is no need to spell out time or percentiles. APA Style recommends that confidence intervals be reported with brackets around the upper and lower limits: 95% . P700)L@l@@ /" endstream endobj 34 0 obj <> endobj 35 0 obj <> endobj 36 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>> endobj 37 0 obj <> endobj 38 0 obj <> endobj 39 0 obj <> endobj 40 0 obj <> endobj 41 0 obj [/ICCBased 51 0 R] endobj 42 0 obj <> endobj 43 0 obj <>stream
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