("About This Item") with your request. I Did It With My Fourteen Swats. Find the perfect udo keppler stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. | Keppler studied art in Vienna. publish or otherwise distribute the material. If you The single most influential Chicago School advocate in antitrust was Robert H. Bork,8 who His cartoons were famous for their caustic wit, generating much publicity for Puck and pioneering the use of color lithography for caricature. This cartoon portrays president Theodore Roosevelts purported refusal to shoot a bear chained to a tree while on a hunting trip in Mississippi. freakin' unbelievable burgers nutrition facts. A trifle embarrassed / Keppler. Burns, Adam. His parents were bakers, and his talent is said to have first manifested itself in his cake decorations. Analyzing Points of View in Gas Price Editorial Cartoons from the 1970s and 2000s. Food? [12] References [ edit] ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica". Your email address will not be published. They are especially well-known for their ongoing critique of the political corruption surrounding Tammany Hall. He was elected honorary chief of Seneca and given the name Gyantwaka. MEDIUM: 1 print (2 pages) : lithograph, color. No, the item is not digitized. How does the cartoon reflect prevailing attitudes of the . Joseph, the elder, was an Austrian immigrant who cut his teeth on mid-century cartooning for mostly German-language publications in St. Louis and New York City. Joseph Ferdinand Keppler (February 1, 1838 February 19, 1894[1]) was an Austrian-born American cartoonist and caricaturist who greatly influenced the growth of satirical cartooning in the United States. Columbus, OH. One was the second Boer War of 1899-1902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Yes, another surrogate exists. He passed his love of cartooning and political engagement to his son, Udo J. Keppler, who worked at the magazine with him. In 1893, he took charge of a special World's Fair Puck published weekly for six months on the grounds of the World's Columbian Exposition. Such cartoons play a role in the political discourse of a society that provides for freedom of speech and of the press. In many cases, the originals can be served in a document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. It began with a group of libertarian economists and law professors at the University of Chicago, and was later advanced by some of their students. You'll Not Get Rich (Rat-Tattatta-Tat) You're in the Arms Race Now! LC-USZCN4-122 (color film copy neg. [3], After visiting his father, Keppler made his way to St. Louis in 1867 and renewed his career as an actor. JPEG (70kb) 2019. Friends of PeaceW. However, by the time this cartoon was published the United States was an Imperial power. LC-USZ62-26205 (b&w film copy neg.) Also, perhaps, that these countries were incapable of governing themselves due to the racist view that man white people had of any non-European. Initially Keppler drew all the Puck cartoons. 3. Art Young was a socialist who eventually worked for the left-wing political magazine The Masses. - Primary Sources. Almost exactly eight years subsequent to this cartoon's publication, former president Theodore Roosevelt emerged from a long safari in Africa and, invited to speak in Cairo, Egypt, lectured the British about proper colonial administration -- "or leave Egypt." Creation Date: 1902-12-10 Creator: Keppler, Udo J., 1872-1956 As result of highly competitive practices, by the 1880s Standard Oil had merged with or driven out of business most of its competitors and controlled 90% of the oil refining business in the U.S. DonateInspector General | We Germans eat countries! For further rights [1][2], Keppler was born in St. Louis, Missouri. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. QUESTIONS Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. The artist was infuriated by the lack of news coverage concerning the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike of 1912, in which striking miners engaged in bloody violence against militia hired by coal companies. Hey, manlike I don't care what it's costingI need it. "Assistance and Sympathy during the Spanish-American War," and the cartoon itself a 1902 commentary on the nation's new found status as a world leader. USA, circa 1904. 1890s, colonialism, Imperialism, manifest destiny, political cartoon, Uncle Sam, Your email address will not be published. INTRODUCTION The march of "civilization" against "barbarism" is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. 1917. The MagnetJoseph Keppler Jr., 1911, for Puck Magazine, New York, New York, The magnet depicted in this political cartoon is money, and the wielder of the magnet is American financier J. P. Morgan. This cartoon depicts president Franklin Delano Roosevelt as a jolly ringmaster taming and cajoling animal representations of the political factions of the 1930s. images.). York Evening Journal comments on General Smith's words with a cartoon "Kill Everyone Over Ten" displaying a firing squad about to execute a group of young Filipino boys. His creation of the magazine, Puck, in 1877 brought him into a national position that allowed him to influence people's political views and opinions. (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital Columbias Easter BonnetS.D. Framed Art Prints Canvas Prints Ferdinand Belle Epoque The Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University, Department of History They are a primarily opinion-oriented medium and can generally be found on the editorial pages of newspapers and . This political cartoon depicts John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company as a suffocating octopus. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos Cartoonist Joseph Keppler Jr.s father was also acartoonist and a contemporary of Thomas Nast. JPEG (51kb) Type in your search terms and press enter or navigate down for suggested search results. both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. Joseph Jr (Udo) Keppler Born : 1872 Died : 1956 Known for : Cartoon-caricature, Indian figure, genre The following is from Richard West, author of "Satire on Stone: The Political Cartoons of Joseph Keppler" (University of Illinois Press, 1988) Strongest Affliation: NY Often known for: cartoon-caricature, figure-Indian, genre TIFF (3.6mb), View Larger At the time of this prints publication, Roosevelt was campaigning energetically for the White House as Vice President under an incumbent McKinley. Hawaiis annexation resulted in a more aggressive imperialist push that resulted in the Spanish-American War, or the War of 1898, over Cuba. Analyze the attached political cartoon titled "The Modern Samson.". [4] Meanwhile, his father, who had come to the States to escape the European Revolutions of 1848, had established himself as the proprietor of a general store in a little town in northern Missouri. 1. Legal | . fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room The son of Joseph Keppler (1838 - 1894), the founder of Puck magazine, he was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and graduated from the Columbia Institute in 1888. Keppler studied art in Vienna. It summoned captains of industry and top investment bankers (the so-called Money Trust), parading them before the committee and the press. Immigration in U.S. History: Through the Eye of Editorial Cartoons, Best New Devices Ever Seemed Impractical at First, There Were Unbelievers ThenThere are Unbelievers Now, Defining Impeachable Offense and Executive Privilege. B. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_322_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_322_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); titled A Trifle Embarrassed, was created by Udo J. Keppler 1891. As result of highly competitive practices, by the 1880s Standard Oil had merged with or driven out of business most of its competitors and controlled 90% of the oil refining business in the U.S. Keppler clearly saw the addition of these territories as providing asylum to their inhabitants. 230 Annie and John Glenn Avenue image, a copy print, or microfilm. UDO J. KEPPLER, "NEXT!" PUCK VOL. Many other humor magazines followedscores, in factbut most lasted less than . Austrian-born American cartoonist and caricaturist (1838-1894), Joseph Keppler Gallery: 1877 Puck Magazine, Guide to the Keppler Family Papers 18401957, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Keppler&oldid=1055159852, Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Dictionary of American Biography, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 14 November 2021, at 06:37. 03.01.23 ( ) prev next Image 3 of 791. The Socialist (to the Democratic Donkey)Youre Stealing My Props! He was an honorary chief of the Seneca nation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. His illustrations cast light on complex politics, making issues clear to the average voter. Now Shut Up. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. The Library of Congress generally does not own rights to material in This is likely due to the very popular vision of Manifest Destiny during this time period. Udo Keppler, "Next!" (1904) Summary: Illustration shows a "Standard Oil" storage tank as an octopus with many tentacles wrapped around the steel, copper, and shipping industries, as well as a state house, the U.S. Capitol, and one tentacle reaching for the White House. current trends in social psychology 2022, miramar fire station covid testing. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. Co., Published by . https://www.loc.gov/item/2012647587/. All images can be viewed at a large size What does the octopus represent? Medium: 1 photomechanical print : offset, color. The Treaty of Paris which ended the war, also gifted Puerto Rico to the United States. The earliest of the four, by Joseph, likely comes from the late 1870s, and is a dual critique of advertisement-happy American culture and the sluggish rate at which the Brooklyn Bridge was being constructed. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Library The political cartoon depicts corporate interests from steel, copper, oil, iron, sugar, tin, and coal to paper bags, envelopes, and salt as giant money bags looming over the tiny senators at their . negatives are particularly subject to damage. What message does this cartoon convey about Standard Oil's power and . The little bear, Bruin, became so popular that the cartoonist Clifford Berryman used him frequently as a character in later cartoons. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Standard Oil owned not just refineries, but oil wells, pipelines, retail distribution outlets. He was with Puck from 1890 to 1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. Cartoonist Joseph Keppler skewered hypocritical, anti-immigrant Americans in this 1893 cartoon from Puck. prev next Image 2 of 791. [5], After the death of his wife in 1870,[4] Keppler married Pauline Pfau in 1871, the union producing three children, Udo, Irma and Olga. By 1898, this vision had been seen through and the United States certainly extended from sea to sea. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting Father, I Cannot Tell a Lie. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. use tab and shift-tab to navigate once expanded, Covid-19 is an ongoing concern in our region, including on campus. The Art Student's Masterpiece and the Professor's Criticism, Who is to Blame? Abolitionist Sheet Music Cover Page, 1844, Barack Obama, Howard University Commencement Address (2016), Blueprint and Photograph of Christ Church, Constitutional Ratification Cartoon, 1789, Drawing of Uniforms of the American Revolution, Effects of the Fugitive Slave Law Lithograph, 1850, Genius of the Ladies Magazine Illustration, 1792, Missionary Society Membership Certificate, 1848, Painting of Enslaved Persons for Sale, 1861, The Fruit of Alcohol and Temperance Lithographs, 1849, The Society for United States Intellectual History Primary Source Reader, Bartolom de Las Casas Describes the Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples, 1542, Thomas Morton Reflects on Indians in New England, 1637, Alvar Nuez Cabeza de Vaca Travels through North America, 1542, Richard Hakluyt Makes the Case for English Colonization, 1584, John Winthrop Dreams of a City on a Hill, 1630, John Lawson Encounters Native Americans, 1709, A Gaspesian Man Defends His Way of Life, 1641, Manuel Trujillo Accuses Asencio Povia and Antonio Yuba of Sodomy, 1731, Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage, 1789, Francis Daniel Pastorius Describes his Ocean Voyage, 1684, Rose Davis is sentenced to a life of slavery, 1715, Boston trader Sarah Knight on her travels in Connecticut, 1704, Jonathan Edwards Revives Enfield, Connecticut, 1741, Samson Occom describes his conversion and ministry, 1768, Extracts from Gibson Cloughs War Journal, 1759, Alibamo Mingo, Choctaw leader, Reflects on the British and French, 1765, George R. T. Hewes, A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-party, 1834, Thomas Paine Calls for American independence, 1776, Women in South Carolina Experience Occupation, 1780, Boston King recalls fighting for the British and for his freedom, 1798, Abigail and John Adams Converse on Womens Rights, 1776, Hector St. Jean de Crvecur Describes the American people, 1782, A Confederation of Native peoples seek peace with the United States, 1786, Mary Smith Cranch comments on politics, 1786-87, James Madison, Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments, 1785, George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796, Venture Smith, A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, 1798, Letter of Cato and Petition by the negroes who obtained freedom by the late act, in Postscript to the Freemans Journal, September 21, 1781, Black scientist Benjamin Banneker demonstrates Black intelligence to Thomas Jefferson, 1791, Creek headman Alexander McGillivray (Hoboi-Hili-Miko) seeks to build an alliance with Spain, 1785, Tecumseh Calls for Native American Resistance, 1810, Abigail Bailey Escapes an Abusive Relationship, 1815, James Madison Asks Congress to Support Internal Improvements, 1815, A Traveler Describes Life Along the Erie Canal, 1829, Maria Stewart bemoans the consequences of racism, 1832, Rebecca Burlend recalls her emigration from England to Illinois, 1848, Harriet H. Robinson Remembers a Mill Workers Strike, 1836, Alexis de Tocqueville, How Americans Understand the Equality of the Sexes, 1840, Missouri Controversy Documents, 1819-1920, Rhode Islanders Protest Property Restrictions on Voting, 1834, Black Philadelphians Defend their Voting Rights, 1838, Andrew Jacksons Veto Message Against Re-chartering the Bank of the United States, 1832, Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave is the Fourth of July? 1852, Samuel Morse Fears a Catholic Conspiracy, 1835, Revivalist Charles G. Finney Emphasizes Human Choice in Salvation, 1836, Dorothea Dix defends the mentally ill, 1843, David Walkers Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829, William Lloyd Garrison Introduces The Liberator, 1831, Angelina Grimk, Appeal to Christian Women of the South, 1836, Sarah Grimk Calls for Womens Rights, 1838, Henry David Thoreau Reflects on Nature, 1854, Nat Turner explains the Southampton rebellion, 1831, Solomon Northup Describes a Slave Market, 1841, George Fitzhugh Argues that Slavery is Better than Liberty and Equality, 1854, Sermon on the Duties of a Christian Woman, 1851, Mary Polk Branch remembers plantation life, 1912, William Wells Brown, Clotel; or, The Presidents Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States, 1853, Cherokee Petition Protesting Removal, 1836, John OSullivan Declares Americas Manifest Destiny, 1845, Diary of a Woman Migrating to Oregon, 1853, Chinese Merchant Complains of Racist Abuse, 1860, Wyandotte woman describes tensions over slavery, 1849, Letters from Venezuelan General Francisco de Miranda regarding Latin American Revolution, 1805-1806, President Monroe Outlines the Monroe Doctrine, 1823, Stories from the Underground Railroad, 1855-56, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, 1852, Charlotte Forten complains of racism in the North, 1855, Margaraetta Mason and Lydia Maria Child Discuss John Brown, 1860, South Carolina Declaration of Secession, 1860, Alexander Stephens on Slavery and the Confederate Constitution, 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler Reacts to Self-Emancipating People, 1861, William Henry Singleton, a formerly enslaved man, recalls fighting for the Union, 1922, Ambrose Bierce Recalls his Experience at the Battle of Shiloh, 1881, Abraham Lincolns Second Inaugural Address, 1865, Freedmen discuss post-emancipation life with General Sherman, 1865, Jourdon Anderson Writes His Former Enslaver, 1865, Charlotte Forten Teaches Freed Children in South Carolina, 1864, General Reynolds Describes Lawlessness in Texas, 1868, A case of sexual violence during Reconstruction, 1866, Frederick Douglass on Remembering the Civil War, 1877, William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism (ca.1880s), Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Selections (1879), Andrew Carnegies Gospel of Wealth (June 1889), Grover Clevelands Veto of the Texas Seed Bill (February 16, 1887), The Omaha Platform of the Peoples Party (1892), Dispatch from a Mississippi Colored Farmers Alliance (1889), Lucy Parsons on Women and Revolutionary Socialism (1905), Chief Joseph on Indian Affairs (1877, 1879), William T. Hornady on the Extermination of the American Bison (1889), Chester A. Arthur on American Indian Policy (1881), Frederick Jackson Turner, Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893), Turning Hawk and American Horse on the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890/1891), Helen Hunt Jackson on a Century of Dishonor (1881), Laura C. Kellogg on Indian Education (1913), Andrew Carnegie on The Triumph of America (1885), Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Lynch Law in America (1900), Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1918), Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper (1913), Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890), Rose Cohen on the World Beyond her Immigrant Neighborhood (ca.1897/1918), William McKinley on American Expansionism (1903), Rudyard Kipling, The White Mans Burden (1899), James D. Phelan, Why the Chinese Should Be Excluded (1901), William James on The Philippine Question (1903), Chinese Immigrants Confront Anti-Chinese Prejudice (1885, 1903), African Americans Debate Enlistment (1898), Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. [2] He studied art at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna[3] and later contributed comic drawings to the Vienna humor magazine Kikeriki (Cock-a-doodle-do). Inspiring Americans to live and love their First Amendment freedoms. . For example, glass and film photographic (1900 Aug. 15), "Next!" Summary: Illustration shows a Standard Oil storage tank as an octopus with many tentacles wrapped around the steel, copper, and shipping industries, as well as a state house, the U.S. Capitol, and one tentacle reaching for the White House. The Morning Report 3/3/23. Edition/Format: Image : Graphic : Original artwork : Picture : English Summary: Print shows a scene at dueling grounds in a wooded area where a duel has taken place between a tattered buccaneer labeled "Spain" and "Medievalism" and Uncle Sam who is holding a sword labeled "19th century Enlightenment", on . By 1898, this vision had been seen through and the United States certainly extended from sea to sea. He had his name changed to Joseph Keppler Jr. in honor of his father. A known detractor of the untamable politician, Hanna appears in this image to have decided against lassoing Roosevelt; it would just be too much trouble. Creator(s): Keppler, Joseph Ferdinand, 1838-1894, artist Date Created Published: 1887 Summary: Cartoon showing monster, 'tariff question', in large bag 'surplus', saying 'Here I am Again! At the bottom, amid the ruins of European civilization, a man holds a sign that says, The USA shall save European culture from destruction. Next to it, the text reads: With what right?, The Blind Leading the BlindJan Jackson, 1945, for the Chicago Defender, Chicago, Illinois, Under the headline Blind Leading The Blind, a haggard Uncle Sam leads a disheveled, bloodstained Germany by the hand, out of the wartorn ruins of Europe. [8][9], Keppler's opinions and wit endeared him to large sections of the American public. A. Rogers, 1917, for Americas Black and White Book: 100 Pictured Reasons Why We are at War, New York, New York. the original. Please go to #2. | Reference staff can direct you to this surrogate. Sheneman's political cartoon uses imagery, symbolism, and irony, to differentiate the woman and Republican's different responses to the tragic oil spill. In some cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available Both characters wear spectacles with blacked-out lenses displaying the words race hate.. easier to see online where they are presented as positive On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The House, responding to these concerns, established a special investigation panel, headed by Representative Arsene Pujo of Louisiana. Visualizing American Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. JPEG (54kb) Many critics complained that Standard Oil had become too strong and exerted influence on the government itself. Cite Item; Cite Item Description; Keppler, Udo J., 1872-1956. 2. Co., Puck Bldg., 1904 September 7. The prints title, The Best Use of the Brooklyn Bridge in Its Present Condition, refers to the structures halting progress: the first caisson was begun in 1870, but the bridge would not be complete until 1883. LC-USZC4-435 (color film copy transparency) Updates? Hence, this view has come to be known as the Chicago School. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=nlebk&AN=336764&site=eds-live. The Imperialist Imaginary: Visions of Asia and the Pacific in American Culture. Omissions? Hawaii was annexed as a State in 1898, following the United States overthrowing their monarch Queen Liliuokalani. Udo Keppler, Next! (1904) We Germans don't eat food! Available for both RF and RM licensing. Describe what is happening in this cartoon. After viewing this image, I began to look upexactly what Standard Oil did to prohibit competitors from either entering or being a part of the industry. when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. View it and more political cartoons fromThe . , which was founded by his father Joseph Keppler Sr. After the Civil War ended in 1865, The United States was fully engaged in isolationism even as other powerful nations began expanding. Cartoons. Poisoned at the SourceArt Young, 1912, for The Masses, New York, New York. SUMMARY: Political cartoon showing a Standard Oil tank as an octopus with many tentacles wrapped around the steel, copper, and shipping industries, as well as a state house, the U.S. Capitol, and one tentacle reaching for the White House. to view the original item(s). JPEG (203kb) . Kids use the questions on the provided instructional activity to prompt their analysis of this primary source. Joseph Keppler, Sr. founded the American iteration of Puck Magazine following his move to New York in 1872. Joseph Keppler, (born February 1, 1838, Vienna, Austriadied February 19, 1894, New York, New York, U.S.), Austria-born American caricaturist and founder of Puck, the first successful humorous weekly in the United States. The vision of Manifest Destiny shifted from the North American continent, to a more worldly one. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. Required fields are marked *. The United States began its journey of imperialism in the 1870s with Samoa and Hawaii, both of which are still United States territories today. Youve come a long way -- maybe: Female vice presidential candidates in editorial cartoons, Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, Loyalists and Loyalism in the American Revolution, Native American History: John Smith and the Powhatan, Native American Stereotypes and Assimilation, The American Revolution and Enlightenment, The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, U.S. Constitution versus the Articles of Confederation, U.S. Constitution: The Powers of the Presidency, Views of Antebellum Slavery: Uncle Tom's Cabin, Westward Expansion and the African-American Experience, Westward Expansion at First Hand: Letters of Anna Ketchum and Ruhamah Hayes, Children's Activities that Helped the War Effort, Eyewitness to History: History through the eyes that lived it, If you have a disability and experience difficulty accessing this site, please contact us for assistance via email at. The political cartoon includes two . www buygoods supplements c302 2003480 de. Between 1890 and . He graduated from the Columbia Institute in 1888, and studied in Germany in 1890 and 1891. CREATED/PUBLISHED: N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith, Co., 1904 Sept. 7. have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with Cubas rebellion against Spain began the War, which ended that same year in Cubas independence. His cartoon Forbidding the Banns, published on behalf of anti-Garfield forces in the Garfield-Hancock presidential campaign of 1880, attracted widespread attention. LC-USZ62-30655 (b&w film copy neg.) In the caption of the cartoon, Keppler has Uncle Sam saying: Gosh! His legacy as one of the 19th centurys most notable lithographers, however, would be cemented in 1877, when he began publishing the satirical magazine Puck in English (he founded Puck in 1871, but published it only in German). He retired in 1920, and in 1946 moved to La Jolla, California, where he died on July 4, 1956. These States are depicted by Keppler as children frolicking inside a gateway labelled U.S. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Artist W. A. Rogers created political cartoons for over 50 years for various publications. The Pictorial Wag, as it was called, featured full-page political cartoons by John Manning, all wood engravings like Franklin's "Join or Die." It lasted, it is believed, 13 weeks. 1436 (1904 September 7), centerfold. He changed his name to Joseph Keppler, Jr. in honor of his father.
The Dungeon Airbnb Address, Sprinter Van Service Near Me, Ibis Heathrow Testing Centre, Can You Transit Through Frankfurt Airport Covid, Articles W